Obesity Bias in the School Setting: A Brief Report.

Obesity bias is one of the main psychosocial consequences experienced by people who are overweight and people with obesity. Therefore, its study, especially during childhood, has become an emerging objective. The aim of this study is to examine obesity bias in children in the school setting. In total, 171 primary school students (Mean age: 10.68; SD: 0.63) from a school in Madrid (Spain) filled out a survey in which they indicated whether they would choose a classmate with obesity with whom they would carry out academic, social, and leisure activities. The rejection ratios of peers with obesity and other personal characteristics such as gender, nationality, or ethnicity were compared. The results indicate that more than half of the participants would not choose a partner with obesity to carry out any of the three activities suggested, and that obesity was the personal characteristic that elicited the highest rate of rejection, especially among females. The possible explanations for these findings are discussed, as well as why the school setting should be a nonaggressive but protective environment for children with obesity.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for an Adolescent with Anorexia Nervosa.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of anorexia nervosa remains a matter of much debate. Though cognitive behavioural therapy would seem to offer good results, there is still no resounding evidence pointing to a single treatment of choice. The case presented in this paper examines the treatment with CBT of a patient presenting anorexia nervosa. Evaluation/diagnosis: An adolescent girl, 17 years of age, voluntarily attends psychological therapy to address eating behaviour problems. After administering the EAT-26, EDI-2, and BSQ standardised screening tests, as well as a clinical interview for assessment, a psychopathological profile is obtained, providing a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, restricting subtype. Therapeutic goals: The therapeutic goals set were to reach a healthy weight for the patient's age and height (specified as a minimum BMI of 18.5) and change the structure of thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that was justifying and maintaining the disorder. TREATMENT: Treatment lasted for 33 sessions and used cognitive behavioural techniques, such as cognitive restructuring, response cost, and positive reinforcement, in addition to family intervention techniques. Nutrition therapy was also carried out in parallel to the treatment sessions. RESULTS: Following eight months of weekly sessions, the patient reached the target weight and changed attitudes towards food and body image, replacing them with healthy thoughts and behaviours. Follow-up made one and two years after the end of the treatment saw that these results were maintained. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: In this case, CBT proved effective in achieving the patient's physical and psychological recovery. Therefore, this case contributes to the evidence of the efficacy of this therapeutic approach in certain cases of ED.

Mediating Factors between Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Eating Disorders Development: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Many people with eating disorders often report having suffered some kind of childhood trauma. For this reason, many studies have attempted to explore the mediating factors between traumatic experiences and the development of eating disorders. The aim of our study is to conduct a systematic review of published works on the mediating factors between childhood trauma and the development of eating disorders. METHOD: This review was carried out up to 5 December, 2020, using the databases PsycInfo and PubMed, combining the keywords, and applying a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: A total of 18 articles were retrieved. After the articles were analyzed, a set of mediating factors between childhood trauma and the development of eating disorders was established, including pathological dissociation, difficulty with emotion self-regulation, body dissatisfaction, negative affect/depression, anxiety, general distress, self-criticism, and alexithymia, among others. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to evaluating trauma in eating disorders, these results highlight the importance of paying special attention to the presence of various possible mediating factors, which must be taken into account in the planning of therapeutic treatment. Identifying symptoms of trauma or eating disorders early on could prevent onset of more severe psychopathology during adulthood.

Child Trauma Experiences and Dissociative Symptoms in Women with Eating Disorders: Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: many people with different diagnoses, including eating disorders, have suffered traumatic experiences in childhood. METHOD: a case-control study was performed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of child trauma and dissociative symptoms in people with eating disorders and compare the results obtained with a control group. Participants were administered the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Structured Clinical Interview for Personality Disorders (SCID-II) to confirm diagnostic criteria and explore possible comorbidities. Traumatic experiences in childhood were evaluated with the Child Trauma Questionnaire in its abbreviated version (CTQ-SF), psychoform dissociation was measured with the Scale of Dissociative Experiences (DES-II) and somatoform dissociation with the Somatoform Dissociation Scale (SDQ-20). RESULTS: women with eating disorders reported a greater severity and higher prevalence of child trauma than the control group. Significant differences were found by groups in dissociative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: our results, in a Spanish sample, confirm the findings of previous studies.

Satisfaction with life and psychological well-being in people with gender dysphoria.

INTRODUCTION: Satisfaction with life and psychological well-being have been extensively studied as measures of mental health, which has led to the development of two major traditions, the hedonic and eudaimonic. A difference has been found between subjective emotional well-being, which is often called psychological well-being, and cognitive well-being, or satisfaction with life. The aim of this study was to explore satisfaction with life and psychological wellbeing in people diagnosed with gender dysphoria (GD), and compare their results to those of the general population. We also looked for gender-related differences. METHODS: The Fordyce Happiness Measures (or Fordyce Emotions Questionnaire) and the adaptation to Castilian Spanish of the Likert-type 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale were applied to a control sample of 40 students and a group of 61 people with GD. Descriptive statistics and the t test for independent samples were calculated. The data were analyzed with SPSS v. 15. RESULTS: The results indicated that the GD group had lower scores on the satisfaction with life and psychological well-being scales than the control group. No gender differences were found in satisfaction with life or psychological well-being.

Satisfacción con la vida y bienestar psicológico en personas con Disforia de Género / Satisfaction with life and psychological wellbeing in people with gender dysphoria

Introducción. La satisfacción con la vida y el bienestar psicológico han sido ampliamente estudiados como medida de salud mental y su transcurso ha dado lugar a dos grandes tradiciones: la hedónica y la eudaimónica. En la actualidad se establece una diferencia entre el bienestar subjetivo emocional, que se suele denominar bienestar psicológico y el cognitivo o satisfacción con la vida. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es explorar la satisfacción con la vida y el bienestar psicológico en personas con diagnostico de Disforia de Género (DG) y comparar los resultados con la población general, así como ver las diferencias por géneros. Metodología. La escala de bienestar psicológico de Fordyce y la adaptación al castellano de la versión de ítems tipo Likert de 1 a 5 de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida se aplicaron a una muestra de 40 estudiantes como grupo control y a 61 personas con DG. Se calculó estadística descriptiva y prueba T para muestras independientes, los datos se analizaron con SPSS v. 15. Resultados. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las personas con DG tienen una satisfacción con la vida y un bienestar psicológico menor que el grupo control. No se encontraron diferencias por géneros en satisfacción con la vida ni en bienestar psicológico

Introduction. Satisfaction with life and psychological well-being have been extensively studied as measures of mental health, which has led to the development of two major traditions, the hedonic and eudaimonic. A difference has been found between subjective emotional well-being, which is often called psychological well-being, and cognitive well-being, or satisfaction with life. The aim of this study was to explore satisfaction with life and psychological wellbeing in people diagnosed with gender dysphoria (GD), and compare their results to those of the general population. We also looked for gender-related differences. Methods. The Fordyce Happiness Measures (or Fordyce Emotions Questionnaire) and the adaptation to Castilian Spanish of the Likert-type 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale were applied to a control sample of 40 students and a group of 61 people with GD. Descriptive statistics and the t test for independent samples were calculated. The data were analyzed with SPSS v. 15. Results. The results indicated that the GD group had lower scores on the satisfaction with life and psychological well-being scales than the control group. No gender differences were found in satisfaction with life or psychological well-being

Guías para el tratamiento del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad: una revisión crítica / Treatment guidelines for Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A critical review

Una serie de guías clínicas para el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad a lo largo de la vida han sido publicadas en los últimos años. El objetivo es proporcionar una síntesis del mejor conocimiento científico disponible y facilitar el trabajo clínico así como hacer una revisión crítica de las guías clínicas más recientes basado en el tratamiento y las recomendaciones. Se revisaron las siguientes bases de datos: MEDLINE/ PubMed/ Index Medicus, PsycINFO/ PsyLIT y the Science Citation Index at Web of Science (ISI). La búsqueda se realizó usando los términos indexados en MeSH: «ADHD», «guideline», «therapeuticst». Se seleccionaron un total de 10 artículos y 9 guías. Las guías indican que el diagnóstico del TDAH se hace a través de la evaluación clínica y debe de llevarse a cabo por un profesional sanitario con formación y experiencia en el trastorno. El tratamiento multimodal es el ideal para el manejo integral del TDAH. La farmacoterapia permanece como tratamiento de primera elección para el tratamiento del TDAH a lo largo de la vida, en concreto la medicación estimulante y entre ella, destacando el tratamiento con metilfenidato y todas coinciden en que la terapia psicológica incrementa la eficacia del tratamiento como coadyuvante al tratamiento farmacológico

A series of clinical guidelines for Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder throughout life have been published in recent years. The aim is to provide a synthesis of the best available scientific knowledge and facilitate clinical work as well as to make a critical review of the latest clinical guidelines based on treatment and recommendations. Searches of the following databases were performed: MEDLINE/ PubMed/ Index Medicus, PsycINFO/ PsyLIT and the Science Citation Index at Web of Science (ISI). The indexed MeSH terms «ADHD», «guideline», «therapeutics» were used for the search, and a total of 10 articles and 9 guides were selected. The guidelines indicate that the diagnosis of ADHD is made by clinical assessment and must be performed by a health professional with training and experience in the disorder. Multimodal treatment is ideal for the integral management of ADHD. Pharmacotherapy remains the first choice treatment for ADHD throughout life, particularly stimulant medication and among them, highlighting treatment with methylphenidate and all guidelines agree that psychological therapy increases the effectiveness of treatment as co-adjuncts to pharmacotherapy

Treatment guidelines for Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: A critical review.

A series of clinical guidelines for Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder throughout life have been published in recent years. The aim is to provide a synthesis of the best available scientific knowledge and facilitate clinical work as well as to make a critical review of the latest clinical guidelines based on treatment and recommendations. Searches of the following databases were performed: MEDLINE/ PubMed/ Index Medicus, PsycINFO/ PsyLIT and the Science Citation Index at Web of Science (ISI). The indexed MeSH terms “ADHD,” “guideline,” “therapeutics” were used for the search, and a total of 10 articles and 9 guides were selected. The guidelines indicate that the diagnosis of ADHD is made by clinical assessment and must be performed by a health professional with training and experience in the disorder. Multimodal treatment is ideal for the integral management of ADHD. Pharmacotherapy remains the first choice treatment for ADHD throughout life, particularly stimulant medication and among them, highlighting treatment with methylphenidate and all guidelines agree that psychological therapy increases the effectiveness of treatment as co-adjuncts to pharmacotherapy.